PART 2 SYLLABUS

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF PERSONALITY AS APPLIED TO GRAPHOLOGY

The student should study the psychological theories of personality of five psychologists (Freud, Jung, Adler, Fromm and Maslow), paying particular attention to the subjects that are listed below.

The student should understand how these theories may be related to handwriting, and be able to apply them to gain insight into them personality and behaviour of individual writers.

THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

• Sigmund Freud - Theory of ‘Psychoanalysis’
  • Psychosexual Development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages
  • Id, Ego, Superego
  • Defence Mechanisms
  • Neuroses

THE NEOPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

• Carl Jung - Theory of ‘Analytical Psychology’
  • Extraversion / introversion
  • Four functions (including inferior function)
  • Libido
  • Archetypes: animus / anima, persona, shadow, self (individuation)
• Alfred Adler - Theory of ‘Individual Psychology’
  • Children:
    • position in the family (birth order)
    • pampering / neglect
    • development of inferiority / responses to it
  • Adults:
    • responses to the challenges of life (lifestyle, social interest)
    • inferiority / superiority complex
    • compensations for inferiority
• Erich Fromm - Theory of ‘Social and Cultural Forces’
  • Character Types:
    • Non-productive:
      1. Receptive - dependent on others
      2. Exploitative - takes from others
      3. Hoarding - hoards possessions and feelings
      4. Marketing - values superficial qualities
    • Productive:
      1. Productive - character type ideal for self-development

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH

• Abraham Maslow - Theory of ‘Motivation and Personality’
  • Hierarchy of human Needs:
    • Physiological
    • Safety
    • Love and Belonging
    • Esteem
    • Self-actualisation