Syllabus Part 2

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF PERSONALITY AS APPLIED TO GRAPHOLOGY

Students will be required to demonstrate that they have studied the psychological theories of personality of the five psychologists given below, and understand how to apply their theories to handwriting. They will also need to be familiar with the psychologists' approach to their theories and be able to compare one with another.

A: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

• Sigmund Freud - Theory of 'Psychoanalysis'
  1. Psychosexual Development - oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages
  2. Id, Ego, Superego.
  3. Defence Mechanisms
  4. Neurosis

B: THE NEOPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

• Carl Jung - Theory of 'Analytical Psychology'
  1. extraversion / introversion
  2. the four functions
  3. personal and collective unconscious and archetypal images
  4. animus / anima
  5. persona
  6. libido
  7. shadow and the inferior function
  8. individuation and the self
• Alfred Adler - Theory of 'Individual Psychology'
  1. Theory of Children - the place in the family - development of inferiority feelings - organ inferiority - the pampered child - neglect. Different responses to inferiority feelings.
  2. Theory of Adult Behaviour - style of life, social interest, inferiority complex and superiority complex, compensation, over-compensation.
• Erich Fromm - Theories of 'Social and Cultural Forces'
  • Theories of Human Character Types both 'non-productive' and 'productive'
    1. Receptive - character type that is dependent on others
    2. Exploitative - character type that takes from others
    3. Hoarding - character type that hoards possessions and feelings
    4. Marketing - character type that values superficial qualities
    5. Productive - character type ideal for self-development

C: THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH

• Abraham Maslow - Theory of 'Motivation and Personality'
  • Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs - psychological, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualisation